Oriaka

Oriaka

Phonology.

Consonants.

IPA	Spelling
/p t k/	p t k
/f θ s ʃ x/	f θ s š h
/v ð z ʒ ɣ/	b d z j g
/m n/	m n
/r l/	r l
/j w/	i/y u/w

Vowels.

IPA	Spelling
/i u/	í ú
/ɪ ʊ/	i u
/e o/	é ó
/ɛ ɔ/	e o
/a/	a

Diphthongs.

IPA	Spelling
/aɛ/	ae
/ɪɛ/	ie
/aɔ/	ao
/ɪɔ/	io
/ʊɔ/	uo

Phonotactics.

sCCCVCCC

Accent.

Stress accent on penultimate syllable.

Nouns.

Vocalic declension.

A1-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-a	ulkua	wolf	-ae	ulkuí	wolves
2. Genitive	-as	ulkuas	of wolf	-aes	ulkuís	of wolves
3. Instrumental	-am	ulkuam	with/by/through wolf	-aem	ulkuím	with/by/through wolves
4. Allative	-ak	ulkuak	to wolf	-aek	ulkuík	to wolves
5. Ablative	-at	ulkuat	from wolf	-aet	ulkuít	from wolves
6. Locative	-aš	ulkuaš	in/on wolf	-aeš	ulkuíš	in/on wolves

A2-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-a	guena	woman	-ae	guenae	women
2. Genitive	-as	guenas	of woman	-aes	guenaes	of women
3. Instrumental	-am	guenam	with/by/through woman	-aem	guenaem	with/by/through women
4. Allative	-ak	guenak	to woman	-aek	guenaek	to women
5. Ablative	-at	guenat	from woman	-aet	guenaet	from women
6. Locative	-aš	guenaš	in/on woman	-aeš	guenaeš	in/on women

A3-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-a	akuam	eye	-ae	akuae	eye
2. Genitive	-as	akuas	of eye	-aes	akuaes	of eye
3. Instrumental	-am	akuam	with/by/through eye	-aem	akuaem	with/by/through eye
4. Allative	-ak	akuak	to eye	-aek	akuaek	to eye
5. Ablative	-at	akuat	from eye	-aet	akuaet	from eye
6. Locative	-aš	akuaš	in/on eye	-aeš	akuaeš	in/on eye

E-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-a	owe	bird	-í	owí	birds
2. Genitive	-as	owes	of bird	-aes	owís	of birds
3. Instrumental	-am	owem	with/by/through bird	-aem	owím	with/by/through birds
4. Allative	-ak	owek	to bird	-aek	owík	to birds
5. Ablative	-at	owet	from bird	-aet	owít	from birds
6. Locative	-aš	oweš	in/on bird	-aeš	owíš	in/on birds

Ó-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-a	okmó	stone	-ae	okmae	stones
2. Genitive	-as	okmós	of stone	-aes	okmaes	of stones
3. Instrumental	-am	okmóm	with/by/through stone	-aem	okmaem	with/by/through stones
4. Allative	-ak	okmók	to stone	-aek	okmaek	to stones
5. Ablative	-at	okmót	from stone	-aet	okmaet	from stones
6. Locative	-aš	okmóš	in/on stone	-aeš	okmaeš	in/on stones

I-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-i	agni	fire	-ie	agnie	fires
2. Genitive	-is	agnis	of fire	-ies	agnies	of fires
3. Instrumental	-im	agnim	with/by/through fire	-iem	agniem	with/by/through fires
4. Allative	-ik	agnik	to fire	-iek	agniek	to fires
5. Ablative	-it	agnit	from fire	-iet	agniet	from fires
6. Locative	-iš	agniš	in/on fire	-ieš	agnieš	in/on fires

IE-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-ie	rie	thing	-iei	riei	things
2. Genitive	-ies	ries	of thing	-ieis	rieis	of thing
3. Instrumental	-iem	riem	with/by/through thing	-ieim	rieim	with/by/through things
4. Allative	-iek	riek	to thing	-ieik	rieik	to things
5. Ablative	-iet	riet	from thing	-ieit	rieit	from things
6. Locative	-ieš	rieš	in/on thing	-ieiš	rieiš	in/on things

U-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-u	orθuus	high	-ue	orθue	high
2. Genitive	-us	orθuas	of high	-ues	orθues	of high
3. Instrumental	-um	orθuam	with/by/through high	-uem	orθuem	with/by/through high
4. Allative	-uk	orθuak	to high	-uek	orθuek	to high
5. Ablative	-ut	orθuat	from high	-uet	orθuet	from high
6. Locative	-uš	orθuaš	in/on high	-ueš	orθueš	in/on high

Consonantal declension.

N-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-	nómon	name	-i	nómoni	names
2. Genitive	-es	nómons	of name	-is	nómonis	of names
3. Instrumental	-em	nómonem	with/by/through name	-im	nómonim	with/by/through names
4. Allative	-ek	nómonk	to name	-ik	nómonik	to names
5. Ablative	-et	nómont	from name	-it	nómonit	from names
6. Locative	-eš	nómonš	in/on name	-iš	nómoniš	in/on names

R-Subdeclension.

	Singular			Plural
1. Nominative	-	fratér	brother	-i	fratri	brothers
2. Genitive	-es	fratres	of brother	-is	fratris	of brothers
3. Instrumental	-em	fratrem	with/by/through brother	-im	fratrim	with/by/through brothers
4. Allative	-ek	fratrek	to brother	-ik	fratrik	to brothers
5. Ablative	-et	fratret	from brother	-it	fratrit	from brothers
6. Locative	-eš	fratreš	in/on brother	-iš	fratriš	in/on brothers

Articles.

Indefinite	ina	ina galua	a head
Definite visual	sa	sa galua	the head
Definite nonvisual	ta	ta galua	that head

Verbs.

Voice.

Active	-	fúan uídént	I am seeing
Passive	fúti 'to be' + passive participle	fúan uídémn	I am seen
Reflexive	fúti 'to be' + reflexive participle	fúan uídéhš	I am seeing self

Tense-Aspect.

Past perfective	-al-	sekual-	I said
Past imperfective	-ar	sekuar-	I was saying
Present	-	seku-	I am sayng
Future imperfective	-as-	sekuas-	I will saying
Future perfective	-ad- / -aθ-	sekuad-	I will say

fúti - to be.

Past perfective	-l-	fúl-	I was
Past imperfective	-r-	fúr-	I was
Present	-	es-	I am
Future imperfective	-s-	fús-	I will be
Future perfective	-d-	fúd-	I will be

Mood.

Indicative	-	seku-	I am saying
Conditional	-(e)bo-	sekuebo-	I would be saying
Potentional	-(e)mo-	sekuemo-	I might be saying
Eventive	-(e)ro-	sekuero-	I could be saying
Imperative	-í	sekuí	say !

Person.

	Singular			Plural
1.	-an	sekuan	I am saying	-ame	sekuame	We are saying
2.	-at	sekuat	Thou art saying	-ate	sekuate	You are saying
3.	-e	sekue	He/ She / It saying	-é	sekué	They are saying

fúti - to be (present tense).

	Singular			Plural
1.	-mi	esmi	I am saying	-mos	smos	We are saying
2.	-i	esi	Thou art saying	-ate	ste	You are saying
3.	-t	est	He/ She / It saying	-é	sent	They are saying

Infinite forms.

Participles.

	Adjectival
Active	-nt-	uídént-	seeing
Passive	-mn-	uídémn-	seen
Reflexive	-hš-	uídéhš-	seeing self
	Adverbial
Active	-nte	uídénte	seeing
Passive	-mne	uídémne	[impersonal form]
Reflexive	-hše	uídéhše	seeing self

Gerund and infinitive.

Gerund	-ti	uídéti	seeing
Infinitive	-r	uídér	to see

Adjectives.

Positive			Comparative			Superlative
-	uesu	good	-tr-	uestr-	better	-ist-	uesist-	best
	bal-	strong		baltr-	stronger		balist-	strongest
	ekuawidu-	equine		ekuawidutr-	more equine		ekuawiduist-	most equine

Adverbs.

Positive			Comparative			Superlative
-e	uesue	well	-tr-e	uestre	better	-ist-e	uesiste	best
	bale	strongly		baltre	stronger		baliste	strongest
	ekuawidua	equinely		ekuawidutre	more equine		ekuawiduiste	most equine

Numerals.

	Cardinal	Ordinal	Multiple	Multiplicative	Rankinging
1.	ika	porma	somplek	somkorta	somrégi
2.	duó	duatra	duiplek	duikorta	duirégi
3.	tri	trita	triplek	trikorta	trirégi
4.	kuetuari	kueturta	kueturplek	kueturkorta	kueturrégi
5.	penkue	penkta	penktaplek	penktakorta	penktarégi
6.	ksueksi	ksueksta	kuekstaplek	ksuekstakorta	ksuekstarégi
7.	septon	septomma	septomplek	septonkorta	septomrégi
8.	aktóm	aktówa	aktóplek	aktókorta	aktórégi
9.	newom	newonna	newomplek	newonkorta	newomrégi
10.	dekom	dekomma	dekomplek	dekonkorta	dekomrégi
11.	ikakont	ikakontna
20.	duiskant	duiskantna
21.	duiskant ika	duiskantna porma
100.	kontam	kontna	kontaplek	kontakorta	kontarégi
120.	kontam duiskant	kontna duiskantna
121.	kontam duiskant ika	kontna duiskantna porma
200.	duó kontae	duókontna
1.000.	tuskanti	tuskantina
10.000.	dekom tuskanti	dekomtuskantina

Pronouns.

Personal pronouns.

	l. pojedyńcza		l. mnoga
1.	ehó	I	men	We
2.	tú	Thou	uen	You
3.	ki / tod	He, She, It	kien	They

Possessive pronouns.

	Singular		Plural
1.	mia	my	nas	our
2.	tuia	thee	uas	your
3.	kia / tos	his / her / its	kias	their

Demonstrative pronouns.

	Definite visual		Definite nonvisual		Indefinite
Place	sót	here	tót	there	katis	somewhere
Source	desót	from here	detót	from there	dekatis	from somewhere
Purpose direction	risót	to here	ritót	to there, so far	rikati	to somewhere
Path	isti	this way	aθti	that way	umti	some way
Time	istím	now	aθtím	then
Method	síd	in this way	tíd	in that way	umíd	in some way
Quantity	isuél	so much
Qualify	akissót	like this here	akattót	like that	akkas	like something
Reason	ispúdla	for this reason	atpúdla	for that reason	kapúdla	for some reason

Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns.

	Interrogative / Relative		Indefinite		Unlimited
Animate being	ka	who ? which ?	kas	someone	kawali	anyone
Inanimate object	ku	what ? which ?	kus	something	kuuali	anything
Place	kati	where ?	katis	somewhere	katiwali	anywhere
Source	dekati	whence ?	dekatis	from somewhere	dekatiwali	from anywhere
Purpose direction	rikati	whither ?	rikatis	to somewhere	rikatiwali	to anywhere
Path	kaisti	which way ?	kaistis	via some way	kaistiwali	via any way
Time	kaistím	when ?	kaistíms	once	kaistímuali	ever
Method	kai	how ?	kes	somehow	kewali	anyhow
Quantity	kele	how much ?	keles	somehow much	kelewali	anyhow much
Qualify	kašín	which one ?	šíwe	some	uale	any
Reason	kala	why ?

Negative, universal and alternative pronouns.

	Negative		Universal		Alternative
Animate being	neka	nobody	kaweš	every	kamút	anyone else
Inanimate object	neku	nothing	ueš	every, all	kamút	anything else
Place	nekati	nowhere	katiweš	everywhere	katimút	elswhere
Source	denekati	from nowhere	dekatiweš	from everywhere	dekatimút	from elswhere
Purpose direction	rinekati	to nowhere	rikatiweš	to everywhere	rikatimút	to elswhere
Path	nekaisti	through no way	uešisti	through all ways	kaistimút	which way else
Time	netím	never	ueštím	always	kaistímmút	when else
Method	neke	nohow	ueške	in all methods	kemút	otherwise
Quantity	neku	nothing	nekuwél	otherwise than so many
Quality	nekea / nekei / nekeu	neuter, indistinct	uala / uali / ualu	any	múta / múti / mútu	other

Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns.

Reflexive	sí	oneself
Reciprocal	onsí	each other
Cooperative	kamsí	together cooperatively

Prepositions.

Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals.

en	in, inside	Locative
	from inside	Ablative
	to inside	Allative

on	on	Locative
	from on	Ablative
	to on	Allative

ona	above	Locative
	from above	Ablative
	to above	Allative

upa	under	Locative
	from under	Ablative
	to under	Allative

et	beside	Locative
	from beside	Ablative
	to beside	Allative

opa	away	Locative
	from away	Ablative
	to away	Allative

enter	between	Locative
	from between	Ablative
	to between	Allative

ha	behind	Locative
	from behind	Ablative
	to behind	Allative

paha	out	Locative
	from out	Ablative
	to out	Allative

omfi	around	Locative
	from around	Ablative
	to around	Allative

préd	before, opposite to	Locative
	from before, from opposite to	Ablative
	to before, to opposite to	Allative

endim	during, in time of	Locative
	from time of	Ablative
	to time of	Allative

pa	after	Locative
	from after	Ablative
	to after	Allative

Other prepositions.

Companion, attributive object	kam	with	Instrumental
Time	entím	in time, while	Genitive
Creator	per	by	Genitive
Place	tra	through, across	Genitive
Lack	feh	without	Genitive
Alternative	ompa	instead	Genitive
Contrary	onti	against	Genitive
Resistance	pafeh	despite, though	Genitive
Stylization	konto	along to, according to	Genitive
Direction	od	from	Genitive
Direction	da	to, towards	Genitive
Benefactive	or	for	Genitive

Particles.

Conjunctions.

Paratactical conjunctions
Copulative	é	and
Conjunctive	éje	also
Disjunctive	ué	or
Contrastive, exceptional	éta	but
Consequentive	je	so
Comparative	jír	than
Resultative	he	that

Hypotactical conjunctions
tan		to, for
uišta		althought
préta		because
ion		if
šal		that, providing

Modifiers.

Restrictive	véle	only
Additive	azie	yet

Polarity particles.

Affirmative	θa	yes
Negative	ne	no

Word formation

Compounding.

Derivation.

Noun.

Noun to noun.

Diminutive	-íl-	tahti → tahtīli	daughter → little daughter
Augmentative	-ég-	guóra → guóréga	mountain → grand mountain
Contradiction	ne-	manha → nemanha	human → non-human
Similarity	-and-	daru → darandu	tree → pseudo-tree
Half	polu-	kuón → polukuón	dog → half-dog
Relational abstract	-tat	fratér → fratratat	brother → brotherhood
Related person	-tór	krawa → krawatór	cow → cowman
Collective	-stua	owe → owestua	bird → birds (a a collective)
Place	-am	agni → agniam	fire → campfire
Art / Craft	-stua	kara → karastua	war → craft of war
Knowledge	-stua	geli → gelistua	herb → herbalism
Expert	-teli	geli → geliteli	herb → herbalist

Noun to adjective.

Possessive	-an-	manha → manhan-	man → human
Originative	-y-	danha → danhay-	sky → celestial
Similaritive	-and-	katka → katkandu	cat → felid
Feature	-ak-	píla → pílak-	hair → hairy
Affiliative	-an-	hanam → hanan-	family → familiar
Privative	ne-...-ak-	hamfa → nehamfak-	tooth → toothless

Verb.

Verb to noun.

Agentive	-tór	kúš- → kúštór-	(to) shoot → shooter
Experiencer, adressee	-ema	dak-- → dakema	(to) teach → learner
Result	-ma	pad- → padma	(to) fall → (a) fall
Instance	-(e)sia	seku- → sekuesia	(to) speak → speech
Instrument	-tala	ba- → batala	(to) beat → whip
Place	-iskam / -eskam	huél- → huéliskam	(to) kill → place of kill

Verb to verb.

Adjective.

Adjective to noun.

Abstract	-ata	bal- → balata	strong → strength

Adjective to adjective.

Tendency	-lík-	uesu → uesulíka	good → bland
Intensification	fare	magn- → fare magn-	big → very big
Excess	an-	mína → anmína	small → too small

Syntax.

Roles of cases.

	Question	Role
1. Nominative	who ? what ?	lexical form subject of intransitive clause agent of transitive clause donor of ditransitive clause voluntary experiencer
2. Genitive	whose ?	possessor patient recipient involuntary experiencer partitive object used with various prepositions
3. Instrumental	with who ? with what ?	instrument instruction method accompaniament way theme
4. Allative	to who ? to what ?	incoming direction purpose
5. Ablative	from who ? from what ?	outgoing direction cause, reason
6. Locative	in/on who ? in/on what ?	place specified by locative prepositions

Word order.

Main word order is SOV. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change.

Copular verbs.

Translative	hare	became
Essive	fúre	be
Excessive	jerre	cease to be

Modal verbs.

Obligative	skel-	to must
Necessitative	neúθ-	to need
Jussive	uén-	to should
Optative	íhí-	to wish
Desiderative	huel-	to want
Dubitative	konk-	to doubt
Hypothetical	diθ-	maybe, perhaps
Permissive	lét-	to let, to permit
Precative	prak-	to request, to please, to ask
Abilitive	mét-	to can
Originative	ken-	to begin

Use of modal verbs

[Modal verb] + [Main verb as an action noun]

Jussive	Uénan rísiti.	I should to write.
Desiderative	Huelan rísiti.	I'm wanting to write.
Precative	Prakan rísiti.	I request to write.

Onomastics.

Colours.

iaša	light
omba	dark
alfa	white
korsna	black
reθra	red
sarta	reddish
jolia	pink
maθra	blue
hluora	green
flaora	yellow
halta	golden
organa	silver
aranga	orange
kiyora	grey
kaonka	brown
sivola	violet
jeθra	navy blue
jelta	beige

Sides of world.

Direct sides
North	kéwera
South	oga
East	ostra
West	uespera
Indirect sides
Northeast	kéwerana ostra
Northwest	kéwerana uespera
Southeast	ogana ostra
Southwest	ogana uespera

Directions.

guala	side
díkua	right
lewa	left
préda	front
kúla	back
uersmon	top
udam	bottom
kordam	center, middle, heart

Body parts.

korpa	body
krawi	blood
tuaka	skin
momsam	meat
mustlam	muscle
asti	bone
herdilam	vertebra
herda	spine
astafram	skeleton
galua	head
skerpa	skull
píla	hair
akuam	eye
osa	ear
uenθra	moustache
ústa	mouth
leba	lip
forθa	beard
smekra	chin
gonθa	cheek
gieúwa	mandible
gefa	upper jaw
dan	tooth
hamfa	gum
guolga	tusk
frú	eyebrow
mani	front neck
kalsa	back neck
gutor	throat
rinha	larynx
donhua	tongue
unsdanhata	palate
donhuila	uvula
huísla	vein
tuntila	artery
kordam	heart
plenam	lung
udra	belly
guatu	stomach
aram	kidney
splenha	spleen
iékor	liver
halia	gall
refram	rib
ielíta	intestine
kerha	skull
masha	brain
ranka	hand
orma	arm, shoulder
dúsra	forearm
hesta	hand palm
penksti	fist
polka	finger
anaha	nail
klaθa	claw
gónu	knee
ólna	elbow
treshesta	wrist
nosa	nose
kúla	back
pénta	foot
persna	heel
terlukam	gullet
perpuna	midriff
ioni	womb, utter
ulba	placenta

Kinship.

hanam	family
raθíkí	parents
matér	mother
potér	father
θétiam	child
súnu	son
θuhtér	daughter
raθestua	sibling
fratér	brother
suesor	sister
krawína	cousin
opakrawína	distant relative
struia	father's brother
potria	father's sister
θéθa	mother's brother
θéθia	mother's sister
fratrína	brother's son
fratrínia	brother's daughter
suesorína	sister's son
suesorína	sister's daughter
owae	grandparents
aúia	grandmother
owa	grandfather
prédaúia	great grandmother
prédowa	great grandfather
prédθétiam	grandchild
nepat	grandson
prédθuhtér	granddaughter
onet	ancestor
kamonet	common ancestor
ordutriam	progeny

Relatives from marriage.

gemesia	marriage
guénas hanam	family from wife's side
guéna	wife
mana	husband
kanguéna	spouse
suekrú	father-in-law
suekra	mother-in-law
suekrústua	parents-in-law
súnuwieki	son-in-law
snusa	daughter-in-law
θétiawieki	child-in-law
daíwér	brother-in-law
suesorwieki	sister-in-law
raθestuawiekiam	sibling-in-law

Relatives from adoption.

oθtíma	stepfather
matríma	stepmother
raθíkímae	stepparents
fratríma	stepbrother
suesoríma	stepsister
ordutriíma	stepsibling
θétiíma	stepchild
ordutriímae	adopted progeny

Human feelings and qualities.

tersa dry
dokru tear
kadi hate
gesta taste
hersta horror
húra fear
suída sweat
suepna sleep
oga fault, sin
oni breathe
emagó copy
ewam vital force
ment mind

Animals.

kokrína a female animal
mosa a fly
kokra a male animal
heda a male goat
pikra a male roe-deer
slenkua amphibian
hueriam animal
marua ant
tora aurochs
falia baldicoot
hokora bat
orka bear
huoθra beast, monster
fefra beaver
fia bee
fíada bee-eater
uafola beetle
owi bird
kanha bivalve
korsna guerda black kite
kapsa blackbird
teteri blackcock
tuarka boar
apapa booby
tronda borer
skari bug
urmi bug, worm
hueθa bull
megu bustard
papela butterfly
θlohram capercaillie
kapola carp
katka cat
telga caterpillar
katkapíska catfish
fúθlam cattle
kokota cock
pezdi cockchafer
blokia cockroach
guuosi cow
gerna crane
korua crow
kokla cuckoo
elena deer
kuón dog
mukska donkey
goli dormouse
karuela dove
onti duck
orna eagle
stríga eagle-owl
ornafésna eagle-vulture
uíkia earwig
alki elk
dorhua ermine
hamfra european bison
guútia falcon
elní female deer
spinga finch
píska fish
blawa flea
lópeka fox
korka frog
kopra goat
honsi goose
skarilam grasshopper
kornia greenfly
kormi grub, worm
rófa hamster
kosa hare
kofora hawk
ehi hedgehog
kana hen
ogmen herd
ardia heron
kapotam hueriam hoofed animal
ekua horse
fúkua insect
koka jackdaw
kikia jay
itorgú kestrel
olkuana kingfisher
ohna lamb
starna lark
gelu leech
girhu leopard
sinha lewos
ahli lizard
knida louse
luki lynx
homa magpie
morka mare
uoga mink
monga minnow
korma mole
kulia mosquito
motia moth
músi mouse
morsna nematode
suoluaka nightingale
udrahueriam otter
uluka owl
uksén ox
gíliθa partridge
oku perch
sú pig
keka polecat
roftór predator
uerona ram
pluksa rat
urma raven
skuoria reptile
pika roe-deer
reontór ruminant
laksa salmon
ontra serpent
awi sheep
suarok shrew
itelga shrike
slímok snail, slug
sníhuanu girhu snow leopard, irbis
sperhua sparrow
orhra spider
uartaka squail
ueruera squirrel
θékra starling
storga stork
réta stud, flock, herd
oketra sturgeon
halha swallow
elkúka swan
lína tench
trazda thrush
dihsa tick
uapa tineid
kíhra tit
suapra toad
helówi turtle, tortoise
turtura turtledove
ehra viper
mótok wagtail
guapsa wasp
lóksa weasel
skalia whelp
epra wild boar
ulkua wolf
spíka woodpecker
ongui eel
parka farrow
melgika young animal

Animal products.

uoiam egg
melit honey
meθu mead
melgam milk
selpa butter
sura cheese
smeru grease
mísa hide
uolna wool
kerna horn
kara wax
rehmen cream

Flora.

oblaka apple
perkuu oak
opsa aspen
orsa nut
faga beech
ferega birch
heluna pine
grofa hornbeam
kolomsa reed
keromsa cherry
klena maple
kína grass
kasla hazel
kremusa onion
marusa blackberry
óga berry
alksni alder
asi ash
ropa turnip
uinhsna elm

Parts of trees.

daru tree
tarni thorn
hosta stick
guetuia resin
azda branch
kelta glue
rad root
faliam leaf

Vegetable food.

gornam corn
palua flour
fore spelt
púra wheat
ruhia rye
olfit barley
owig oats
fofa bean
kiker pea
olud beer
odeska cereal

Tools.

oguesi axe
ekla spear, pike
orkua bow
boklam staff
gueria millstone
kega hook
kuekla wheel
kúti pouch
motúga mattock
nawi ship
rata chariot
skopa tool
iugam yoke

Metals.

iesa metal
aísam ore
aísora iron
plínam steel
mieθi copper
helgi bronze
stokli tin
haltam gold
orga silver
lúθam lead
uieram wire

Time.

hie yesterday
tohi today
fane tomorrow
dína day
nakt night
osam dawn
híma winter
uesna spring
létam summer
aseni autumn
iéra year
ier morning
sondínam midday
uespera evening
sonnaktam midnight
dimam time
méon month
septondína week
tertu hour
mínuta minute
duatra second

Natural phenomena.

huísθa star
danha sky
saolam sun
méon moon
hóma earth
uadér water
uétru wind
sníhua snow
paor bonfire
eθma wood
tepta warm
flíska light, brightness
hrama thunder
faúria storm
planeta planet
púleta comet
pasaoli world
duzdiu rain
agni fire
iegra ice
sneθa mist
groda hail
melθna lightning
parsa dust
θúma smoke
nefa cloud

Terrain.

hóma earth
guóra mountain
okmó stone
ogra field
lenθam steppe
lanka swamp
mari sea
loku pond
oheram lake
okua river
uador water
spaemna foam
pletam plain

Rule.

ualdesia rule
ualdeka ruler
laeka leader
ríh king
ríhna queen
ríhastua kingdom
magla chief
maglastua chiefdom
tawiθtaka prince, duke
tawiθtakna princess
uaeki council
oria lord, master
oriastua state
arti army
leθawaldia democracy

Dwelling.

onku angle
ferha fort
frúha beam, bridge
dóma house
θueri door
hrenθa beam
konta corner
panta road
trebam dwelling

Social terms.

teta tribe
leθi people
uík village
nér power
iúd law
peku wealth
misθa fee
uednam price
kotua battle
kara war
uíka victory
díwa god
belata strength

Adjectives.

manθra wise
uesu good
ahia bad, wrong
hrésa evil
goru heavy
bela strong
mega great, big
mínos little, small
tenui thin
harha short
bóra wide
dolha long
θarha hard
lenta soft
falθa bald
kolia healthy
kaela whole, entire, all
θarga mad
kuenta holy, saint
otla lonely, lone
hlaθra smooth, plain
makra slim, slender
lípa sticky
lenhta light
terpesiaka patient, enduring
sokra ugly
praea free
ortaka true
uešedínnas daily
telia silent
skíra clean
suarda dirty
solina salty
suadu sweet
efra bitter
guigua alive
orθuus high
grehna beautiful
uasta empty
θeba deep
olna various
polna full
nitia own
hamaka of people
malo very
pori equal
trahesla vast
meθia middle
kríta certain
kewa alone
θíka wild
odporina adequate, suitable
íkamna united
nagua naked, nude

Nouns.

lefa love
fratrata brotherhood
melθetua pray
klawam word
gertat vigilance, watchfulness
koliata health
terpesia patience, endurance
sekua speech
uéra faith, belief
mohuína girl
nómon name
orθastua deal, order
orta truth
uila will
nizda nest
koksa cover, lid
sketa covering
harθa garden
léhra place
korka sheath
skída shield
soli salt
suieda sweat
múθlam soap
sparnam wing
plúsa feather
skuama scale, husk
grehnata beauty
uíra man
lésu forest
hurata secret
íhínia wish
huokia candle
klefa bread
hakena beginning
kuaoria creator
kuaorniam creature
marfa form
heflam top
traheflam surface
θebnia deep
θuésa spirit
θusa breath
uolta vault
ehdatí production
orθína plant
orθínastua vegetation
sege grain, seed
karpa fruit
raθia kind
slúhtór servant
sígnam sign
fúta being
ríθa number
raíam swarm
stuga inventory
lawa ground
hama man, human being
hamakasti mankind
lígnam image
lígasti likeness
tuari face
edeniam food
guísia life
teθiam care
útram shoe
marti die
ordi arrowhead
hrani edge
huínsla tendon
ontam end
traréga array
uergam work
skorfa shrub
krosna source
sreméni stream
smelka dust
gnósia knowledge
meθiam center
onoh onyx
krítata certainty
supna dream
omfae both
karma shame
fordam hill
uoha wagon
líθnam load
fali pain
drapa garment

Verbs.

lefer to love
ímer to go
melθer to pray
gerer to watch
druger to tremble
sekuer to speak
uérer to faith, to believe
onher to tie
nómoner to name
daer to give
harθer to fence
múr to wash
skualer to rinse
skuelber to launder
luher to lie
gorgaer to frighten
kener to begin
kuaorer to create
marfer to form
θuser to breath
ehstolnaer to hover
skíder to divide, to split
fager to distribute, to spare
léter to let
kamferer to gather
porfer to appear
ehdar to produce
slúher to serve
morgar to mark
ualder to rule
pastaner to establish, to set up
halenger to stand over
peter to fly
reúr to move
suklawer to bless
orθír to grow
enorθír to increase
ríθar to count
empolniar to fill
upaorθar to subdue, to subjugate
haber to have
deker to lead
késter to correct
ferer to carry
koper to take
smerer to remember
teθer to take care
guír to life
huíner to disappear
merer to die
líter to leave, to pass on
eder to eat
lekser to defend
salar to send
ontar to end
leher to lie, to be situated
θér to do, to make
kuiéher to rest
uergar to work
guamer to came
onuadraer to water
staθer to become
sadíer to plant
klader to put
príar to like
gnór to know
plier {ple-} to flow
uér to wind
drar to run
kóser to command
krír to sieve, to distinguish
kelber to help
haúr to call
gualer to find
kuerer to cause
koder to fall
uoger to close
íkar to unite
kiorar to feel
karmar to shame
hreúr to pull
ueher to carry, to transport
líθer to load
faler to pain
ioher to drive
aor to listen
klewer to hear

Modern terms.

fehdíwana godless
fehmarfana formless
karpana fruitful
odkamputa account
aromatíka aromatic

Texts.

Pater noster.

Pater noster	Potér nas
Our Father, Who art in heaven Hallowed be Thy Name; Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.	Potér nas, ka est en danhaš kuentí tuia nómon; Tuia ríhastua guamí, Tuia uila fúí, on hómaš kai en danhaš. Dae or nas sa dínas nas uešedínnas klefas, é terdae nasas nas kolpaes, kai men terdame or nasas kolpatóras; é ne laeí nas en lukatak, éta praeí nasas hrésak. Amen.

Bible: The Beginning.

The Beginning

Ta Hakena

1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.

2 Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.

3 And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.

4 God saw that the light was good, and he separated the light from the darkness.

5 God called the light “day,” and the darkness he called “night.” And there was evening, and there was morning—the first day.

6 And God said, “Let there be a vault between the waters to separate water from water.”

7 So God made the vault and separated the water under the vault from the water above it. And it was so.

8 God called the vault “sky.” And there was evening, and there was morning—the second day.

9 And God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry ground appear.” And it was so.

10 God called the dry ground “land,” and the gathered waters he called “seas.” And God saw that it was good.

11 Then God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants and trees on the land that bear fruit with seed in it, according to their various kinds.” And it was so.

12 The land produced vegetation: plants bearing seed according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good.

13 And there was evening, and there was morning—the third day.

14 And God said, “Let there be lights in the vault of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them serve as signs to mark sacred times, and days and years,

15 and let them be lights in the vault of the sky to give light on the earth.” And it was so.

16 God made two great lights—the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night. He also made the stars.

17 God set them in the vault of the sky to give light on the earth,

18 to govern the day and the night, and to separate light from darkness. And God saw that it was good.

19 And there was evening, and there was morning—the fourth day.

20 And God said, “Let the water teem with living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the vault of the sky.”

21 So God created the great creatures of the sea and every living thing with which the water teems and that moves about in it, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good.

22 God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and increase in number and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds increase on the earth.”

23 And there was evening, and there was morning—the fifth day.

24 And God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: the livestock, the creatures that move along the ground, and the wild animals, each according to its kind.” And it was so.

25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the livestock according to their kinds, and all the creatures that move along the ground according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good.

26 Then God said, “Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground.”

27 So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them.

28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground.”

29 Then God said, “I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.

30 And to all the beasts of the earth and all the birds in the sky and all the creatures that move along the ground—everything that has the breath of life in it—I give every green plant for food.” And it was so.

31 God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.

1 On ta hakenaš Díwa kuaorle sa danhas é sa hómas.
2 Istím sa hóma fúe fehmarfana é uasta, ombata fúe ona ta θebnias traheflaš, é sa Díwana Θuésa ehstolnaean ona ta uadri.
3 É Díwa sekuale, "Tót létí fúre flíska", é tót fúe flíska.
4 Díwa uídére he sa flíska fúe uese, é skídale sa flískas ombatat.
5 Díwa nómonale sa flískas dínam, é sa ombatas nómonale noktam. É tót fúle uespera, é tót fúle ier - ta porma dína.
6 É Díwa sekuale, "Tót létí fúr ína uolta enter ta uadriš da skídetí uadres od uadres.
7 Je Díwa kuaorle ta uolta é skídale ta uadres upa uoltaš uadret ona toš.
8 Díwa nómonale ta uoltaš danham. É tót fúe uespera, é tót fúe ier - ta duatra dína.
9 É Díwa sekuale, "Létí ta uodres upa sa danhaš fué kamframna íkat léhrat, é létí tersas lawas sí porfer." É tod fúe je.
10 Díwa nómonan ta tersas lawas hómam, é ta kamframnas uadres nómonan mariem. É Díwas uídére he tod fúe uesu.
11 Aθtím Díwas sekualé, "Létí ta hóma ehdaan orθínastuam: orθínae ferantae seges é darue on ta hómaš he feran karpa kam segem en toš, konto kias olnas raθias." É tod fué je.
12 Ta hóma ehdare orθínastuas: orθínae ferantae seges konto kias raθias é darue ferantae karpas kam segem en toš konto kias raθias. É Díwa uídére he tod fúe uesu.
13 É tót fúe uespera, é tót fúe ier - ta trita dína.
14 É Díwa sekualé, "Létí tót fúr flískae en ta danhas uoltaš da skídetí ta dínas ta noktat, é létí kiak slúher kai sígnae da morgatí kuentí tímí, é díní é iérí,
15 é létí kiak fúr flískae en ta danhas uolta or flískas daetís on ta hómaš." É tod fúe je.
16 Díwa kuaorle duó megae flískae - ta mektra flíska or ualdetís ta dínam, é míntra flíska or ualdetís ta noktam. Ki éje kuaorle ta huísθae.
17 Díwa pastanale kies en ta danhas uoltaš or daetís flískas on ta hómaš,
18 or ualdetís ta dínam é ta noktam, é or skídetís flískas ombatat. É Díwa uídére he tod fúe uesu.
19 É tót fúe uespera, é tót fúe iér - ta kueturta dína.
20 É Díwa sekuale, "Létí ta uader halengade sí guiguam kuaorniam, é létí owím peter ona ta hómaš tra ta danhas uolta."
21 Je Díwa kuaorle ta megas maris kuaornias é kaweš guigue rie kam kam ta uader halenge é je reúan on tod, konto kias raθias, é kaweš sparnanam owem konto kia raθia. É Díwa uídéle he tod fúe uesu.
22 Díwa suklawe kik é sekuale, "Fúí karpana é enorθír en ríθak é empolniaí ta uadres en ta marieš, é léte ta owík enorθír on ta hómaš."
23 É tót fúe uespera, é tót fúe ier - ta penkta dína.
24 É Díwa sekuale, "Létí ta hómas ehdar guigua kuaorniae konto kias raθias: ta guigua stuga, ta kuaorniae ka reúe konto ta lawas, é ta θíkae hueriae, kaweš konto kias raθias. É tod fúe je.
25 Díwa kauorle ta θíkae hueriae konto kias raθias , ta guiguas stugas konto kias raθias, é ueše ta kuaorniae ka reúe konto ta lawas konto kiens raθiam. É Díwa uídére he tod fúe uesu.
26 Aθtím Díwa sekuale, "Létí nam kuaorer hamakastis en nas lígnak, en nas lígastuak, je ka ualdemé ona ta pískaš en ta mariš é ta owíš en ta danhaš, ona ta guiguaš stugaš é ueše ta θíkae hueriae, é ona ueše ta kuaorniaš ka reúe konto ta lawas.
27 Je Díwa kuaorle hamakasti en kiak nitiak lígnak, en ta Díwas lígnak kuaorle kias; uíras é guénas kuaorle kiens.
28 Díwa suklawale kiak é sekuale kiak, "Fúí karpanam é enorθí en ríθak; empolniaí ta hómas é upaorθí tod. Ualdí ona ta pískaš en ta mariš é ta owíš en ta danhaš é ona kaweš guiguaš kuaorniaš ka reúe on ta lawaš.
29 Aθtím Díwa sekuale, "Daeí tofí kaweš segem ferantem orθínam on ta kaelas hómas tuariš é kaweš darus ka habe karpas kam sege en tod. Kien fúse tuiam or edenias.
30 É uešek ta hómas huoθrak é uešek ta owík on ta danhaš é uešek ta kuaorniak ka reúe konto ta lawas - ueše ka habe ta guísias θusas en toš - Daeí uešes hluoras orθínas or edenias." É tod fúe je.
31 Díwa uídére ueše ka kuaorle, é tod fúe malo uesu. É tót fúe uespera, é tót fúe ier - ta ksueksta dína.

Bible: Adam and Eve.

Adam and Eve

Adama é Eua

1 Thus the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array.

2 By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all his work.

3 Then God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all the work of creating that he had done.

4 This is the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created, when the LORD God made the earth and the heavens.

5 Now no shrub had yet appeared on the earth and no plant had yet sprung up, for the LORD God had not sent rain on the earth and there was no one to work the ground,

6 but streams came up from the earth and watered the whole surface of the ground.

7 Then the LORD God formed a man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being.

8 Now the LORD God had planted a garden in the east, in Eden; and there he put the man he had formed.

9 The LORD God made all kinds of trees grow out of the ground—trees that were pleasing to the eye and good for food. In the middle of the garden were the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

10 A river watering the garden flowed from Eden; from there it was separated into four headwaters.

11 The name of the first is the Pishon; it winds through the entire land of Havilah, where there is gold.

12 (The gold of that land is good; aromatic resin and onyx are also there.)

13 The name of the second river is the Gihon; it winds through the entire land of Cush.

14 The name of the third river is the Tigris; it runs along the east side of Ashur. And the fourth river is the Euphrates.

15 The LORD God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it.

16 And the LORD God commanded the man, “You are free to eat from any tree in the garden;

17 but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat from it you will certainly die.”

18 The LORD God said, “It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him.”

19 Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground all the wild animals and all the birds in the sky. He brought them to the man to see what he would name them; and whatever the man called each living creature, that was its name.

20 So the man gave names to all the livestock, the birds in the sky and all the wild animals. But for Adam no suitable helper was found.

21 So the LORD God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man’s ribs and then closed up the place with flesh.

22 Then the LORD God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man.

23 The man said, “This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called ‘woman,’ for she was taken out of man.”

24 That is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife, and they become one flesh.

25 Adam and his wife were both naked, and they felt no shame.

1 Síd sa danhí é sa hóma fúlé ontamna en uešes kiens tralehlaš trarégaš.
2 Per ta septonkontnas dínas Díwa ontale ta uergas ka θére; je on ta septonnaš dínaš kuiéhe uešet kit uergat.
3 Aθtím Díwa suklawale ta septonnas dínas é θéle tod kuentam, préta ki on tom kuiéhe uešet ta kuaortís uergat ka ontale.
4 Tod est ta danhís é ta hómas ta odkamputa kaistím fúelé kuaoramna, kaistím ta Oria Díwa kuaorle ta hómas é ta danhís.
5 Istím on hómaš ne porfale sí ína skorfa é ína orθína ka ne fúele kuaoramna, tan ta Oria Díwa ne salale duzdius on sa hómak é tót ne fúe nekas uergak on lawaš,
6 éta sreménie guamé ta hómat é onuadraele ta kaelas lawas traheflas.
7 Aθtím ta Oria Díwa marfale ína hamas ta smelkat é θusale en kik nosak sa guísias θusas, é ta hama staθale ína guiguam fútam.
8 Istím ta Oria Díwa sadíle ína harθas en sa ostraš; é tót kladale ta hamas ka kuaorle.
9 Ta Díwa Oria kuaorle uešes kínaes raθiís orθíntae paha ta lawas - darue ka fúé príamnae ta akuak é uese or edeniam. En ta harθas meθiam fúé ta guísias darue é ta gnosias uesuotas é hrésotas daru.
10 ína okua onuadraenta ta harθas plere Edenat; detót tod fúe skídemna en kuetuarik krosnaek.
11 Ta pormas nómon est ta Pišon; tod íme tra kaelam Hauilas hómam, kati tót est haltam.
12 (ta hómas haltam est uesu; aromatíka guetuia é onoh sent éje tót.)
13 Ta duatras okuas nómon est ta Gihon; tod íme tra kaelam Kušas hómam.
14 Ta tritas okuas nómon est ta Tigri; tod drae konto ta ostrana Ašuras guala. É ta kueturta okua est ta Eufrate.
15 Ta Oria kopale ta hamas é kladale kis en ta Edenas Harθas uergar en kok é teθer en kik.
16 É ta Oria Díwa kósale ta hamak, "Tú esan praea eder kuualis darus en ta harθas;
17 éta skelat ne eder ta uesuatas é hrésatas gnósias darut, or tan kaistím edat tot kam krítatam meradat."
18 Ta Oria Díwa sekuale, "Tod ne est uese or ta hamas tan fúre kewam. Kuaorde ína kelbatóras odporinas or kis."
19 Istím ta Oria Díwa marfale ta lawat ueše ta θíkae hueriae é ueše ta owí en sa danhaš. Ferale kiens ta hamak uídér ka nómonboe kiens; é kuuali ta hama haúale kaweš guiguas kuaornias, ka fúe tos nómon.
20 Je ta hama dale nómoni uešek sa guiguak stugak, sa owík en sa danhaš é uešek sa θíkak hueriaek. Éta or Adamas ne fúe gualamna odporina kelbatór.
21 Je ta Oria Díwa kuerale he hama kodale en ína θebak supnak; é entím kai supnale, kopale íka hamas refram é aθtím uogale ta léhras kam korpam.
22 Aθtím ta Oria Díwa θéle ína guénas ta refrat kopamnat hamas, é ferale kis ta hamak.
23 Ta hama sekuale, "Tod est istím asti miaet astiet mias korpas; ki nómonase 'guéna', tan ki kopalamna hamat."
24 Tod is kala ína hama líte suías potras é matras é est íkamna suíak guénak, é staθé sí íkam korpam.
25 Adama é kias guéna fúe omfae naguae, é ne kioraré karmas.

Sheep and horses.

Sheep and horses

Awi é ekuae

On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

On fordam awi ka ne habare uolnas uídéle ekuaes, íka kit hreúre ína goru uohas, ína ferare ína megas líθnas, é íka ferare ína hamas guigue. Ta awi sekuale ta ekuak: "Mia kardam fale me, uídént kai ína hama iohe on ekuaeš." Aθtím ekuae sekualé: "Aoí, awi, nasae kardae falé nas kai uídéme tod: ína hama, ta oria, kope sefe sa awis uolnas en teptak drapak. É sa awi ne habe uolnas." Klewente tod, ta awi drale en ta pletak.

Judith the Atheist.

Judith the Atheist	Yudita ta Fehdíwana
This beautiful girl is called Judith. Her beautiful, blue eyes are hiding a great secret, a secret so frightening that it is threatening the world order. Judith's heart is evil: she does not believe in God.	Ta kolia mohuína nómonan sí Yudita. Kia grehnae, maθrae akuae ína megas huratas tueré, ína huratas je gorgaemnas he est hersenta or ta pasaolis orθastua. Yuditas kordam hrésam: ki ne uére en Díwak.